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Neat to know ~ Creature of the week

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Six-spotted tiger beetle, Ontario, Canada

Photo: Ryan Hodnett, CC BY-SA 4.0

Old World Swallowtail, Bolzano, Italy

Photo: Werner Pichler, CC BY-SA 3.0

Insects in Peril

2021-02-07

Many of us don’t like insects.  For whatever reason.  Maybe they bite or sting.  Maybe they destroy things.  They might creep us out.  Or quite literally, “bug us.”  Whatever the reason, humans by and large, see insects as pests to be gotten rid of.  Lots of effort has been put into concocting poisons to exterminate them.  The more we kill the better.

But as humans have yet to learn, getting rid of one part of an ecosystem will affect all other parts, one way or another.  So, since we share this planet with insects, if we kill them off, we will eventually pay for it.  Insects are in fact an essential part of most ecosystems on Earth.  They are food for many birds, amphibians, and mammals.  Without insects, the creatures that eat them would die off.  Insects are pollinators, without whom much of the plant kingdom would fail.  They are nature’s trash collectors and processors, too.  If they aren’t there to play their role in the decomposition of dead matter, for instance, we would notice it in the form of dead fauna and flora taking over the landscape.  Also, insects kill other insects that are actual pests for humans.  Without those “good guys” of the insect world, we would be overrun by the pesky and destructive ones.  Finally, insects play an important role in keeping the soil healthy.

For decades, we have been at war with the very creatures that are essential to the web of life on our planet.  Now, scientists are starting to understand how severely we have decimated insect populations and what the impacts of our destructive ways will be if we don’t immediately find ways to rescue rather than ruin these tiny creatures we ultimately depend upon.

Read on to find out more about how human activity is devastating insect populations and why we should care.

Insects and their fate

  • The insect world is huge and immensely varied.  Experts say that there are millions of insect species – many of which are yet to be named by science.
  • The weight of all the insects in the world is about 17 times that of all the humans.
  • Scientists have analyzed the changes in insect populations and have published staggering statistics in the last couple of years.  One study from 2020 indicates that the number of insects has declined by 25% in the last 30 years and that the loss is speeding up.  A new set of research published in the journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), tells us that many insect populations are dropping by a shocking rate: 1-2% every year.  That’s 10-20% in ten years.  According to scientists, this trend puts the whole world – including humanity – in peril.  Without sufficient numbers of these fundamentally important organisms, systems will collapse.
  • There is some positive news.  Populations of freshwater insects have been rising thanks to the cleaning and protecting of contaminated lakes and rivers.  But these insects make up only a small fraction of all the insect species on earth, and they are not pollinators.

Reasons

  • There are several reasons for the decline of insect populations.  Farming is central to the problem.  As agriculture develops, people destroy wild habitats to make room for crops, as well as for livestock grazing lands.  In addition, farmers often use pesticides to kill off insects that destroy crops.  These toxic chemicals have been used intensively all over the world, systematically demolishing insect populations.
  • The expansion of cities is another part of the problem.  Buildings and developed urban areas prevent insects from moving through the landscape, as they try to find the best areas to live.  Insect habitats are shrinking as they become broken up.  Lots of insect species are so-called “specialists,” which means that they only live in specific areas that have certain environmental features.  Many such species are found in the rapidly disappearing  rainforests.  As these are cut down, insects die off with the destruction of their habitat, since they cannot live under any conditions other than those unique to the rainforests.
  • Scientists believe that climate change is also significantly contributing to the loss of insects.  The effects of this problem are harder to nail down.  Professor David Wagner, the lead author of the PNAS study, says, “There’s one really big unknown and that’s climate change – that’s the one that really scares me the most.”  He believes that it could actually be “driving extinctions at a rate that we haven’t seen before.”  For example, the frequency of heatwaves and droughts has increased in the last 50 years, because of global warming.  Many insects will dry up and die quickly without sufficient moisture.  Other extreme weather, like intense storms and wildfires, wipe out large numbers of insects, too.   The planet is experiencing more and more of these events because of climate change.

The problem is overwhelming and scary.  Can anything be done? 

  • First of all, researchers have been hard at work, publishing the hard facts and letting the world know about a problem that is threatening the foundation of all life.  Awareness is step one.
  • Second, scientists are putting together “rescue plans” for different ecosystems around the world.   Saving forest insects takes a different strategy than saving insect populations in freshwater or grasslands or cities.
  • Third, people are making space for vegetation that provides habitats for insects.  These habitats allow ecosystems to thrive once again, particularly in areas that were formerly devoid of life; insect-friendly plants are cultivated in urban areas, along roads and highways, around parking lots, even on walls and roofs.
  • Fourth, waterways are being cleansed of chemical run-off from farms and factories.
  • Fifth, farmers have access to nontoxic methods of pest control, so they can grow their crops without eradicating insect populations.
  • Finally, people are trying to make their own homes and gardens more insect-friendly.  They are using fewer pesticides and cultivating native plants that attract native insects and other animal life.  They also limit outdoor lighting, which interferes with insect behavior.  With time, ecosystems will have a chance to recover and begin to thrive again.
  • Attitudes toward insects must change.  These complex creatures are a vital part of the web of life.  Reexamine the way you see insects, and encourage everyone you know to do the same!

Sources: Carrington, Damian, The Guardian, “Insect populations suffering death by 1,000 cuts, say scientists,” https://www.theguardian.com/insect-populations-suffering-death-1000-cuts, January 11, 2021; Carrington, Damian, The Guardian, “Insect numbers down 25% since 1990, global study finds,” https://www.theguardian.com/insect-numbers-down-25-since-1990, April 23, 2020; Samways, Michael, World Economic Forum, “Insects are declining rapidly – here’s why that needs to change,” https://www.weforum.org/insects, March 5, 2020.